Gunfire during homecoming celebrations kills one person and injures two others

To check this alert, Claude (an AI) read it in full 25 separate times, independently. Each read decided whether the message answers each of the six questions and gave a short reason. A final reviewer then weighed all 25 and wrote the plain-English verdict you see when you open a row. The score (for example 22/25) is how many reads agreed; the 25 individual reads are tucked underneath if you want to check them.

• Sourcepresent16/25

  Final assessment

  A clear majority (about 15 of 24) credited 'Campus Police' as the named responding/contact authority, though several reads felt the reference was too generic or contact-only to count; the majority view prevails.

  Who is sending the alert and who is responding. People act faster on a message from a clearly identifiable, credible sender, such as a named department, the police, or a branded alert system, than on an anonymous notice. A branded signature counts.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'Campus Police' referenced as authority giving all clear.
  2. present: References 'Campus Police' as responding authority.
  3. absent: No sender or agency identified besides generic 'Campus Police' contact number.
  4. present: Campus Police named with a contact number.
  5. absent: No sender name or agency identified, only generic 'Campus Police' contact for calls.
  6. absent: No sender identified, only 'Campus Police' referenced as who gives all-clear, not issuer.
  7. present: 'Campus Police' named as authority to contact.
  8. absent: 'Campus Police' mentioned only as contact, not clearly the issuing authority of the alert.
  9. present: References 'Campus Police' as the authority.
  10. present: References Campus Police as authority
  11. present: Names Campus Police.
  12. absent: No sender or agency named beyond 'Campus Police' contact number, no branding.
  13. absent: No sender or agency identified, only 'Campus Police' as contact number.
  14. present: References 'Campus Police' as contact and authority.
  15. absent: No sender named, only 'Campus Police' referenced generically for updates.
  16. present: References "Campus Police" who will give the all-clear.
  17. present: 'Campus Police' named as contact/authority.
  18. present: 'Campus Police' referenced as authority.
  19. present: 'Campus Police' named as authority.
  20. absent: No sender or authority named, only "Campus Police" phone referenced for contact
  21. present: References 'Campus Police' as the contact/responding authority.
  22. present: References Campus Police as contact and issuing authority.
  23. present: References 'Campus Police' as the responding/issuing authority.
  24. present: Refers recipients to 'Campus Police' as the authority.
  25. absent: No issuing authority or branded alert signature named, only 'Campus Police' referenced generically for calls.
• Hazardpresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: 'A shooting has been reported' names the specific hazard.

  What the threat actually is. A complete warning names the specific danger, such as a shooter, a fire, a tornado, or a gas leak, rather than a vague emergency, because people decide what to do based on what they are facing.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names the hazard.
  2. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names the hazard.
  3. present: 'shooting has been reported' names the hazard.
  4. present: Names a shooting specifically.
  5. present: 'A shooting has been reported on campus.'
  6. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names the hazard.
  7. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names the specific hazard.
  8. present: 'shooting has been reported' names hazard.
  9. present: Names a shooting.
  10. present: Names "shooting" as the hazard
  11. present: Names a shooting as the specific hazard.
  12. present: Shooting reported named explicitly.
  13. present: Names 'A shooting has been reported'.
  14. present: States 'A shooting has been reported'.
  15. present: Shooting named as the hazard.
  16. present: Names "a shooting."
  17. present: 'A shooting has been reported'.
  18. present: 'A shooting' specifically named.
  19. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names the hazard.
  20. present: "A shooting has been reported"
  21. present: Names 'A shooting' as the specific hazard.
  22. present: Names a shooting.
  23. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names the hazard.
  24. present: States 'A shooting has been reported'.
  25. present: 'A shooting has been reported' names specific hazard.
• Locationabsent8/25

  Final assessment

  A clear majority (about 17 of 24) found only the generic 'on campus' with no specific building or area named, so location is absent.

  Where the threat is. Saying whether danger is in a specific building, a part of campus, or area-wide lets people judge their own proximity and choose a safe direction. Without a where, a warning is hard to act on precisely.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. absent: Only 'on campus' generally, no specific building or area.
  2. absent: No specific location given beyond 'on campus'.
  3. present: 'on campus' referenced.
  4. absent: Only says "on campus" with no specific place named.
  5. present: 'on campus' referenced.
  6. absent: No location given, only 'on campus' generically without specifying where.
  7. present: 'on campus' stated.
  8. absent: 'on campus' is the only location, but paired with 'if you are on campus' is generic, not a specific place.
  9. absent: Only says 'on campus', a generic reference without a specific place.
  10. absent: States "on campus" generically, no specific building or area
  11. present: States on campus.
  12. present: 'On campus' stated.
  13. absent: No specific location given, only 'on campus'.
  14. absent: Only 'on campus', no specific place named.
  15. present: 'on campus' referenced.
  16. absent: Only says "on campus," too generic to count as a specific location.
  17. absent: Only 'on campus' generically referenced, no specific building or area.
  18. present: 'on campus' referenced.
  19. absent: 'on campus' is only general reference, no specific place.
  20. absent: "on campus" is generic, no specific place named
  21. absent: Only vaguely says 'on campus', no specific building or area named.
  22. present: On campus specified.
  23. absent: No specific location given, only 'on campus' generically.
  24. absent: Only says 'on campus', with no specific building or area named.
  25. absent: Only 'on campus' with no specific building or area given.
• Guidancepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: the message instructs recipients to seek shelter immediately and not leave until an all clear.

  The protective action to take. A clear, specific instruction, such as shelter in place, evacuate, avoid the area, or run-hide-fight, drives faster and more correct protective behavior than describing the threat alone.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location'.
  2. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location.'
  3. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location'.
  4. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately and stay until an all-clear.
  5. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location'.
  6. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location'.
  7. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location.'
  8. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location.'
  9. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately.
  10. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately and not leave until all clear
  11. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately and not leave secure location.
  12. present: Seek shelter immediately, do not leave until all clear.
  13. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately and stay until all clear.
  14. present: Instructs to 'seek shelter immediately' and not leave until all clear.
  15. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately and stay until all clear.
  16. present: Instructs to "seek shelter immediately" and not leave until an all clear.
  17. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location'.
  18. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location.'
  19. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location'.
  20. present: "seek shelter immediately... Do not leave your secure location"
  21. present: Instructs to 'seek shelter immediately' and not leave until all clear.
  22. present: Instructs to seek shelter immediately and not leave until all clear.
  23. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location until given an all clear.'
  24. present: Instructs to 'seek shelter immediately' and not leave until an all clear.
  25. present: 'seek shelter immediately. Do not leave your secure location.'
• Timepresent13/25

  Final assessment

  Reads split exactly evenly (12 to 12) on whether 'immediately' alone conveys time; with no true majority, the stricter reading prevails since 'immediately' is an urgency cue, not an actual clock time or date, so time is called absent.

  When the message applies. A timestamp, the word now or immediately, or a phrase like until further notice tells the reader whether the danger is current and how quickly to act.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
  2. absent: No clock time or recency marker given.
  3. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
  4. absent: No clock time or date given.
  5. absent: No clock time or date given.
  6. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
  7. absent: No clock time or date given.
  8. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
  9. absent: No clock time or date given.
  10. absent: No clock time or date given
  11. present: Uses immediately to convey recency.
  12. present: 'Immediately' conveys urgency.
  13. present: Uses 'immediately' as an urgency time marker.
  14. absent: No clock time or date given.
  15. absent: No specific time given.
  16. present: Uses "immediately" as a recency marker.
  17. present: 'immediately' conveys recency.
  18. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
  19. absent: No clock time or date given.
  20. absent: No clock time or date given
  21. absent: No clock time or date given.
  22. present: 'Immediately' conveys recency/urgency.
  23. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
  24. absent: No clock time or date given.
  25. present: 'immediately' conveys urgency.
• Impactabsent0/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: no consequence or severity is described beyond naming the shooting.

  What the hazard could do to the people in its path. Beyond naming the threat, a complete warning conveys its potential consequences or severity, such as that a tornado can level buildings or that a leak could be explosive, so recipients grasp how much danger they are in. Research on warning message content finds that a concrete impact statement helps people personalize their risk and act sooner.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. absent: No stated consequence or severity beyond the hazard name.
  2. absent: No stated consequence beyond the hazard name.
  3. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  4. absent: No stated consequence beyond naming the hazard.
  5. absent: No stated consequence beyond naming the shooting.
  6. absent: No stated consequence.
  7. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  8. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  9. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  10. absent: No stated consequence beyond hazard name
  11. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  12. absent: No stated consequence beyond hazard name.
  13. absent: No stated consequence or severity described.
  14. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  15. absent: No stated harm or consequence beyond hazard name.
  16. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  17. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  18. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  19. absent: No stated consequence.
  20. absent: No stated harm or consequence beyond hazard name
  21. absent: No stated consequence beyond naming the hazard.
  22. absent: No stated consequence described.
  23. absent: No stated consequence or severity described.
  24. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  25. absent: No stated consequence beyond hazard name.