Winter storm, March 14, 2025

To check this alert, Claude (an AI) read it in full 25 separate times, independently. Each read decided whether the message answers each of the six questions and gave a short reason. A final reviewer then weighed all 25 and wrote the plain-English verdict you see when you open a row. The score (for example 22/25) is how many reads agreed; the 25 individual reads are tucked underneath if you want to check them.

• Sourcepresent25/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous agreement that the branded 'NAU Alert' signature identifies the issuing system.

  Who is sending the alert and who is responding. People act faster on a message from a clearly identifiable, credible sender, such as a named department, the police, or a branded alert system, than on an anonymous notice. A branded signature counts.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Branded 'NAU Alert' signature identifies sender.
  2. present: Branded signature 'NAU Alert' identifies sender.
  3. present: 'NAU Alert:' branded signature
  4. present: Branded signature "NAU Alert".
  5. present: 'NAU Alert' branded signature.
  6. present: Signed 'NAU Alert' branded issuing system.
  7. present: Signature 'NAU Alert' identifies the issuing system.
  8. present: Signature 'NAU Alert'
  9. present: branded 'NAU Alert'
  10. present: Branded signature 'NAU Alert' identifies the system.
  11. present: Signed 'NAU Alert'.
  12. present: Signed 'NAU Alert'.
  13. present: 'NAU Alert' branded signature.
  14. present: Branded 'NAU Alert' signature identifies the issuer.
  15. present: Branded signature 'NAU Alert'.
  16. present: 'NAU Alert' branded signature.
  17. present: Branded signature 'NAU Alert' identifies the issuing system.
  18. present: Branded 'NAU Alert' signature identifies the issuing system.
  19. present: 'NAU Alert' branded signature.
  20. present: Branded "NAU Alert" signature.
  21. present: Signed 'NAU Alert'.
  22. present: Branded "NAU Alert" signature.
  23. present: 'NAU Alert' branded signature.
  24. present: Branded 'NAU Alert' signature.
  25. present: Branded 'NAU Alert' signature identifies the issuer.
• Hazardpresent24/25

  Final assessment

  Strong majority credits 'winter weather conditions' as naming the hazard type; one dissenting read calls it too generic, but the majority view controls.

  What the threat actually is. A complete warning names the specific danger, such as a shooter, a fire, a tornado, or a gas leak, rather than a vague emergency, because people decide what to do based on what they are facing.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Names 'winter weather conditions' as reason for closure.
  2. present: Names 'winter weather conditions'.
  3. present: 'winter weather conditions'
  4. present: States "winter weather conditions" as reason for closure.
  5. present: 'winter weather conditions'.
  6. present: States 'winter weather conditions'.
  7. present: States 'winter weather conditions' as reason for closure.
  8. absent: 'winter weather conditions' generic, no specific hazard type named beyond weather
  9. present: 'winter weather conditions'
  10. present: States 'Campus is closed due to winter weather conditions.'
  11. present: States 'winter weather conditions' as the cause of closure.
  12. present: States 'winter weather conditions'.
  13. present: 'winter weather conditions.'
  14. present: Names 'winter weather conditions' as the cause of closure.
  15. present: Names 'winter weather conditions'.
  16. present: 'winter weather conditions'.
  17. present: States 'winter weather conditions' as the hazard.
  18. present: States 'winter weather conditions' as the specific hazard.
  19. present: 'winter weather conditions'.
  20. present: Names winter weather conditions.
  21. present: 'winter weather conditions'.
  22. present: Names "winter weather conditions".
  23. present: 'winter weather conditions'.
  24. present: 'winter weather conditions' names the hazard.
  25. present: 'Winter weather conditions' names the hazard.
• Locationpresent24/25

  Final assessment

  Strong majority credits 'Campus is closed' as identifying the location as the campus as a whole, though one read found this too vague.

  Where the threat is. Saying whether danger is in a specific building, a part of campus, or area-wide lets people judge their own proximity and choose a safe direction. Without a where, a warning is hard to act on precisely.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. present: Refers to 'Campus'.
  2. present: Says 'Campus is closed', implying campus-wide.
  3. present: 'Campus is closed'
  4. present: Refers to "Campus".
  5. present: 'Campus is closed'.
  6. present: Refers to 'Campus is closed'.
  7. present: References 'Campus' generally.
  8. present: Campus is closed, referring to NAU campus
  9. present: 'Campus is closed'
  10. present: 'Campus' is named.
  11. present: 'Campus is closed' refers to the campus itself.
  12. present: Refers to 'Campus'.
  13. present: 'Campus is closed.'
  14. present: States 'Campus is closed'.
  15. present: References 'Campus' generally.
  16. present: 'Campus is closed'.
  17. present: Says 'Campus is closed', implying campus-wide location.
  18. present: Says 'Campus is closed', implying the campus location.
  19. present: 'Campus is closed'.
  20. present: References "Campus."
  21. present: 'Campus is closed'.
  22. present: References "Campus".
  23. present: 'Campus is closed'.
  24. present: 'Campus is closed' implies campus-wide location.
  25. absent: Only 'Campus' generally referenced, no specific area.
• Guidanceabsent1/25

  Final assessment

  Overwhelming majority holds the message states closure but gives no explicit protective-action instruction to recipients; one dissenting read treats the closure itself as implied guidance not to come to campus, but this is outvoted.

  The protective action to take. A clear, specific instruction, such as shelter in place, evacuate, avoid the area, or run-hide-fight, drives faster and more correct protective behavior than describing the threat alone.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. absent: States campus is closed but gives no explicit action instruction.
  2. absent: No explicit protective action instructed beyond closure notice.
  3. absent: States closure but no explicit protective instruction
  4. absent: States closure fact but gives no protective action instruction.
  5. absent: States closure but gives no explicit protective action instruction.
  6. present: States campus closed, implying recipients should not come to campus.
  7. absent: States campus is closed but gives no explicit instruction to recipients.
  8. absent: Only states closure, no explicit instruction to recipients
  9. absent: no explicit instruction beyond stating closure
  10. absent: No specific protective action instructed, just closure notice.
  11. absent: States closure but gives no explicit instruction on what recipients should do.
  12. absent: States campus is closed but gives no directive action to recipients.
  13. absent: Only states closure, no instruction on what to do.
  14. absent: Announces closure but gives no explicit instruction such as stay home or avoid travel.
  15. absent: States closure but gives no explicit protective instruction.
  16. absent: States closure but no protective instruction beyond that.
  17. absent: No specific protective action instructed beyond closure statement.
  18. absent: No explicit protective action instructed beyond stating the closure.
  19. absent: No specific protective action instructed beyond stating closure.
  20. absent: States campus is closed but gives no direct protective-action instruction.
  21. absent: States closure but gives no instruction on what recipients should do.
  22. absent: States closure but gives no instruction to the recipient.
  23. absent: No direct protective instruction, only states closure.
  24. absent: No specific protective action, just states closure.
  25. absent: States campus is closed but gives no explicit instruction to recipients.
• Timeabsent0/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: no clock time, date, or recency marker is given.

  When the message applies. A timestamp, the word now or immediately, or a phrase like until further notice tells the reader whether the danger is current and how quickly to act.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. absent: No clock time or date given.
  2. absent: No clock time, date, or recency indicator beyond present tense.
  3. absent: No date or clock time given
  4. absent: No clock time, date, or explicit recency word given.
  5. absent: No clock time or specific recency marker given.
  6. absent: No clock time or specific date given.
  7. absent: No date or clock time given, only that closure is current.
  8. absent: No clock time or specific date given
  9. absent: no clock time or specific day given
  10. absent: No clock time or explicit recency marker given.
  11. absent: No specific date or time given.
  12. absent: No clock time or date; only current-state closure.
  13. absent: No specific time given beyond implied present closure.
  14. absent: No clock time, date, or recency marker is given.
  15. absent: No clock time or date given.
  16. absent: No clock time, only implies present/today.
  17. absent: No clock time or date given.
  18. absent: No clock time, date, or recency marker given.
  19. absent: No clock time, date, or recency marker given.
  20. absent: No clock time or date given.
  21. absent: No date or clock time given.
  22. absent: No clock time or date given.
  23. absent: No clock time or explicit recency indicator.
  24. absent: No specific date or time given.
  25. absent: No clock time or date given.
• Impactabsent0/25

  Final assessment

  Unanimous: no stated potential harm or severity is conveyed.

  What the hazard could do to the people in its path. Beyond naming the threat, a complete warning conveys its potential consequences or severity, such as that a tornado can level buildings or that a leak could be explosive, so recipients grasp how much danger they are in. Research on warning message content finds that a concrete impact statement helps people personalize their risk and act sooner.

  See all 25 individual reads

  1. absent: No stated potential harm or severity.
  2. absent: No stated harm or severity described.
  3. absent: No stated potential harm or severity
  4. absent: No stated potential harm or severity conveyed.
  5. absent: No stated potential harm or severity.
  6. absent: No stated consequence or severity of the weather.
  7. absent: No stated potential harm from the weather.
  8. absent: No stated consequence or severity
  9. absent: no stated consequence or severity beyond closure
  10. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  11. absent: No stated potential harm or severity.
  12. absent: No stated severity or consequence.
  13. absent: No stated severity or consequence.
  14. absent: No statement of harm or severity is given.
  15. absent: No stated consequence or severity described.
  16. absent: No stated severity of the weather.
  17. absent: No stated consequence or severity described.
  18. absent: No stated consequence or severity of the weather conditions.
  19. absent: No stated severity or consequence beyond closure.
  20. absent: No statement of potential harm or consequence.
  21. absent: No stated harm or consequence conveyed.
  22. absent: No stated consequence or severity.
  23. absent: No stated potential harm.
  24. absent: No stated potential harm.
  25. absent: No stated consequence or severity.